Inar Castro Erger.

ObjetivosConscientizar a população sobre a relação entre alimentação e a saúde cardiovascular. Alertar para os riscos do consumo excessivo de sódio, gordura saturada e açúcar.Público-alvoUsuários do Metrô/ CPTM de São Paulo

Effect of Icosapent-ethyl ester (IPE) to reduce the residual risk in patients undergoing secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease. A randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel and double blind clinical trial.

The ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6), has been associated with the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Except for genetically modified plants, vegetable oils do not contain EPA or DHA. But, they can be biosynthesized from #945;-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3 n-3) and stearidonic acid (SDA; C18:4 n-3), with the conversion of the latter being much more efficient. Echium plantagineum L. seeds naturally contain about 38 n-3 FA, of which 9 to 16 is SDA, making it an alternative to fish oil, the main source of EPA/DHA for human supplementation. However, due to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), echium oil is highly susceptible to oxidation, which can be catalyzed by enzymes or occur directly through the action of reactive species. The oxidation of PUFA in echium oil reduces its nutritional value and forms volatile products with an unpleasant odor, compromising its acceptability to consumers, as well as its incorporation into other foods. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the main mechanisms involved in the lipid oxidation of echium oil, enabling the design of better strategies to reduce this reaction, making the oil more stable and palatable. Initially, the seeds were subjected to a thermal treatment similar to that applied to soybean seeds to inactivate oxidizing enzymes, especially lipoxygenases. The formation of volatile compounds was determined by gas chromatography before and after the treatment. No activity of any lipoxygenase isoform was observed in echium oil, leading to the conclusion that oxidation would primarily be caused by reactive species. (E)-2-octenal, 3,5-octadien-3-one, and hexanal were the main volatile compounds observed in echium seed and associated with undesirable odors. Based on this result, the second step of this study aimed to control the oxidative reaction during oil extraction, combining the extraction process with supercritical fluid extraction (CO2-SFE) involving lower temperatures, along with the addition of natural antioxidants during the seed disruption (#945;-tocopherol) and during the oil storage (rosemary extract/citric acid). In this step, the oxidative stability of the samples was evaluated every week in an open container for 30 days, simulating consumption. It will be also evaluated every 30 days in a closed container for 6 months, simulating the product's shelf life. In addition, the conversion rate to produce EPA and DHA in vivo will be evaluated and compared with other vegetable oils, including the ahiflower oil, that is also rich in SDA. In the experimental model, mice will be fed with diets containing 4 of soybean, echium, chia and ahiflower oils for 6 weeks. The proportion of EPA and DHA will be determined in several tissues, using GC-MS method. In the final step of this project, nano and microcapsules of echium oil will be produced using electrospraying and spray-drying, respectively, and the oxidative stability will be compared. Overall, the results of this project could contribute to obtaining an alternative source of n-3 FA for human consumption and food formulation, in accordance with official guidelines for cardiovascular health.

Studies have shown that beyond the onset symptoms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, excessive coagulation, cytokine storm, leukopenia, lymphopenia, hypoxemia and oxidative stress have also been observed in critically ill patients. Taking into account that there are still no approved drugs or vaccines, the potential effect of dietary supplements to improve the patient's recovery can be considered. Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), present an anti-inflammatory effect that could ameliorate the recovery of patients requiring hospitalization or/and ventilatory support. EPA and DHA replace arachidonic acid (ARA) in the phospholipid membranes. When oxidized by enzymes, EPA and DHA contribute to the synthesis of less inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), such as resolvins, maresins and protectins, contributing to inflammation resolution. In contrast, some studies have reported that EPA and DHA can make cell membranes more susceptible to non-enzymatic oxidation mediated by reactive oxygen species, leading to the formation of potentially toxic oxidation products and increasing the oxidative stress. In order to check if EPA+ DHA could be a strategy to act as adjuvant to treat patients infected with SARS-Cov-2, our objective is to evaluate the relation between ARA:EPA+DHA ratio, that is a biomarker of omega-3 fatty acids consumption, and the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. Our hypothesis is that patients that present a lower ARA:EPA+DHA ratio present higher concentration of SPMs and a general better recovery when compared with patients that present a higher ARA:EPA+DHA ratio. It will be collected blood samples from about 180 patients that are being recruited by other experimental study (FAPESP 2020/05752-4). The samples will be kept at -80oC until the analysis. Fatty acids profile, cytokines, prostagladins and oxidative markers will be analyzed in the samples. A multivariate statistical approach will be applied to correlate data obtained from the patient plasma analysis with the patient clinical outcomes.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic non-resolving inflammatory condition associated with ischemic coronary diseases that represent the first mortality cause in the world. In the atherosclerotic process, the excess of LDL particles and the disturbed blood flow cause endothelium aggression that promote an inflammatory response. As consequence, innate and adapted immune system cells accumulate in the sub-endothelial space, leading to a high level of apoptosis and secondary necrosis, amplifying the inflammation, increasing the oxidative stress and forming fatty streaks and plaques. Some plaques become more vulnerable and can suffer rupture, exposing the lipidic necrotic core to the arterial lumen. After rupture, the formed thrombus can occlude the vase causing ischemic events that result, for example, in myocardium infarction or stroke. Several studies have suggested that new therapies should focus on reduction or stabilization of the plaques, besides a reduction of endothelium aggression, mainly achieved by hypocholesterolemic drugs and hypertension control. Thus, regarding plaque stability, bioactive compounds that improve cholesterol efflux from the macrophages, increase the reverse cholesterol transport by HDL particles and reduce oxidative stress, could be act as alternative as co-therapy combined with drugs. Trans-resveratrol is a stilbene present in grapes, wine, and peanuts. The protective effect of the trans-resveratrol has been associated with an anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, antioxidant and anti-thrombotic effects. Our hypothesis is that trans-resveratrol may reduce oxidative stress and in consequence, decrease the atherosclerotic plaque formation. In addition, trans-resveratrol may improve mechanisms related to plaque regression in macrophages via the Nrf2 pathway. To test this hypothesis, in vivo and in vitro assays will be performed. In vivo, three groups of mice LDLr (-/-) will receive a regular diet (AIN93-M) for 8 weeks, being LRD group (Low Resveratrol Dose) supplemented with 1.0 mg/day trans-resveratrol, HRD group (High Resveratrol Dose) supplemented with 1.6 mg/day of trans-resveratrol, and CONT group which will not receive any supplementation. Doses were calculated based on the recommendation described in the capsules commercialized in the drugstores and doses used in clinical trials. After this initial period, the regular diet (4 fat) will be replaced by a western diet (30 fat) to accelerate the atherosclerotic process. The animals will be kept on this condition for more 16 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the animals will be euthanized. Blood and tissue samples will be collected for further analysis. In the in vitro assay, we will study the effects of trans-resveratrol on the production of oxLDL-induced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in macrophages as well as the expression of Nrf2 and target genes

Atherosclerosis, one major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is a complex and multifactorial disease triggered especially due to high level of plasma lipids and that involves three mainly conditions: chronic inflammation, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. Taking into account the high costs of disease management, eminent suboptimal response and low compliance to drug therapies, the combined use of natural bioactive compound able to reduce atherosclerosis risk could provide an additional protection. In this study, the effects of three bioactive components, namely omega-3 fatty acids, plants sterols and polyphenols present in green tea, will be evaluated over atherosclerosis biomarkers in individuals with dyslipidemia and diabetes controlled by drugs. It will be carried out a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical study, with participation of 70 subjects. At each intervention period, study participants will receive a packaged for the functional or placebo treatment. Functional treatment packaged will be composed by omega 3 softgels (fish oil), a chocolate containing plant sterols and green tea. Placebo treatment will be composed by corn oil softgels, regular chocolate, and anise tea. Subjects will be advised to consume the softgels and chocolate twice a day after main meals and to drink two cups of tea per day. After evaluation of inflammation, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress biomarkers, subjects with the greatest response to the functional treatment will be selected for additional 6 weeks of functional intervention associated to a reduction of the hypolipideamic drugs intake, which will be prescribed individually after evaluation of the responsible physician.

FAPESP: 2008/09296-1

FAPESP: 2008/00482-7

FAPESP: 2006/07136-1

FAPESP: 2007/07954-9

Avaliação integrada da estabilidade e propriedades funcionais de pigmentos naturais de alimentos

FAPESP: 2006/00384-0

FAPESP: 2005/04627-1